BIRM

It is long-lasting and operates over a very wide temperature range. It has very high efficiency in removing iron. Since it does not require chemical regeneration, its labor costs are minimal. Only periodic backwashing is needed for cleaning. The alkalinity must be at least twice the total of sulfate and chloride. The maximum water temperature is 38°C, the pH range is 6.8 – 9, and the dissolved oxygen level must be at least 15% of the iron content and at least 29% of the manganese content. The bed height should be at least 76 cm, the backwash flow rate 10-12 gpm/ft², and the service flow rate 3.5 – 5 gpm/ft². Operation at higher flow rates depends on local conditions. Free chlorine should be at least 0.5 ppm, there should be no hydrogen sulfide, and oil and polyphosphate should not be present in the raw water.